Involuntary loss of urine, which can be permanent or occur following physical exertion. Permanent urinary incontinence is characterized by an uncontrollable flow of urine. Treatment is based on the reeducation of the sphincter and perineal muscles through specific exercises or with the help of muscle stimulators, small, painless electrical probes that provide artificial stimulation to the muscles. Stress incontinence primarily affects older women and those with a history of multiple or traumatic childbirths. Its causes can include atrophy of the perineal muscles that support the bladder, descent of the bladder neck, or weakness of the sphincter.
